Singer explained that as treatment moved from artificial insemination -- in which sperm is injected into a womb -- to IVF in a lab, doctors gained more control over the number of eggs fertilized. Also, he agreed that IVF physicians now transfer fewer embryos into the womb, lowering the risk of multiple births.
Given the widespread use of IVF, this make a difference, he said. The declines in births of three or more babies at once were highest among white women. Rates were lower for Hispanics and unchanged for blacks, the report found.
Evan Myers, professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Duke University Medical Center, said this may reflect lower numbers of black women undergoing costly infertility treatments. Blacks were less likely than whites to have health insurance, at least before the Affordable Care Act, and tend to have lower incomes, he said. That's an important consideration for those whose insurance doesn't cover infertility treatment, Myers added. The objective of infertility treatment is the birth of a healthy child.
In a small percentage of patients, treatment results in multiple pregnancy that may place the mother and the babies at increased risk for an unhealthy outcome. Since multiple pregnancies and their complications are an inevitable risk of fertility therapies, education about these risks is crucial prior to treatment.
Ultimately, prevention is the key to reducing the risk of multiple pregnancy. A professional medical organization of approximately 9, health care specialists interested in reproductive medicine. A procedure in which a small amount of amniotic fluid is removed through a needle from the fetal sac at about 16 weeks into a pregnancy.
The fluid is studied for chromosomal abnormalities that may affect fetal development. Thin membrane that expands to enclose a developing fetus. This membrane sac holds the amniotic fluid that protects the developing fetus.
Assisted reproductive technology ART. Placement of a nonabsorbable suture around an incompetent weak cervical opening in an attempt to keep it closed and thus prevent miscarriage.
Also known as a cervical stitch. Cerebral palsy. A disorder causing damage to one or more specific areas of the brain usually occurring during fetal development; before, during, or shortly after birth; or in infancy. Cerebral palsy is characterized by an inability to fully control motor function, particularly muscle control and coordination. Other problems that may arise are difficulties in feeding, bladder and bowel control, problems with breathing, skin disorders, and learning disabilities.
The lower, narrow end of the uterus that connects the uterine cavity to the vagina. Clomiphene citrate. An oral anti-estrogen drug used to induce ovulation in the female. A condition due to abnormal production of insulin resulting in abnormally elevated blood glucose sugar levels.
Di - two; zygote - fertilized egg. Two separate eggs fertilized by separate sperm in a single pregnancy. Fraternal twins. The earliest stage of human development arising after the union of the sperm and egg fertilization. Follicle ovarian. A fluid-filled sac located just beneath the surface of the ovary containing an egg oocyte and cells that produce hormones.
The sac increases in size and volume during the first half of the menstrual cycle and at ovulation the follicle matures and ruptures, releasing the egg. As the follicle matures, it can be visualized by ultrasound.
Referring to inherited conditions, usually due to the genes located on the chromosomes. Gestational diabetes. Elevated blood sugar levels in the mother while she is pregnant. During pregnancy, the placenta normally produces hormones that antagonize insulin. Gestational sac amniotic sac. The fluid-filled sac surrounding an embryo that develops within the uterine cavity.
Ultrasound can detect the sac in the uterus at a very early stage of pregnancy. FSH and LH may be purified or synthetically produced to be used as ovulatory drugs.
Substances secreted from organs of the body, such as the pituitary gland, adrenal gland, or ovaries, which are carried by a bodily fluid such as blood to other organs or tissues where the substances exert a specific action. Infertility is the result of a disease of the male or female reproductive tract that prevents the conception of a child or the ability to carry a pregnancy to delivery.
The duration of unprotected intercourse with failure to conceive should be about 12 months or more before an investigation is undertaken, unless medical history, age, and physical findings dictate earlier evaluation and treatment. In vitro fertilization IVF. A method of assisted reproduction that involves combining an egg with sperm in a laboratory dish. IVF is generally performed in conjunction with medications that stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs in order to increase the chances of successful fertilization and implantation.
IVF bypasses the fallopian tubes and is often the treatment choice for women who have badly damaged or absent tubes. The naturally occurring expulsion of a nonviable fetus and placenta from the uterus; also known as spontaneous abortion or pregnancy loss.
Mono - one; zygotic - fertilized egg. One egg fertilized by a single sperm that divides into two embryos. Identical twins. Multifetal pregnancy reduction. Also known as selective reduction. A procedure to reduce the number of fetuses in the uterus.
As the risk of miscarriage spontaneous abortion and other problems increases with the number of fetuses present, this procedure may be performed in an attempt to prevent the entire pregnancy from aborting or delivering very prematurely.
Ovulation induction. The administration of hormone medications ovulation drugs that stimulate the ovaries to develop a follicle and ovulate. A disk-shaped vascular organ attached to the wall of the uterus and to the fetus by the umbilical cord.
It provides nourishment to the fetus and carries away waste. A disorder occurring during pregnancy that affects both the mother and the fetus. Preeclampsia is characterized by high blood pressure, swelling, and protein found in the urine.
This disorder, also know as toxemia, can restrict the flow of blood to the placenta. Respiratory distress syndrome RDS. A lung disease that affects premature infants and causes increasing difficulty in breathing. The sperm head carries genetic material chromosomes ; the midpiece produces energy for movement; and the long, thin tail wiggles to propel the sperm. The administration of fertility medications in a manner intended to achieve development and ovulation of multiple ovarian follicles.
Superovulation is often combined with intrauterine insemination as an infertility treatment. Thread used to close an incision made during surgery. It generally is absorbable or self-dissolving. Tocolytic agents. Medications that may slow or stop premature labor. Also called sonogram. A picture of internal organs produced by high frequency sound waves viewed as an image on a video screen; used to monitor growth of ovarian follicles, to retrieve eggs, and to monitor a fetus or pregnancy.
Ultrasound examinations can be performed either abdominally or vaginally. Uterus womb. The hollow, muscular organ in the pelvis where an embryo implants and grows during pregnancy. The lining of the uterus, called the endometrium, produces the monthly menstrual blood flow when there is no pregnancy. No portion herein may be reproduced in any form without written permission. This booklet is in no way intended to replace, dictate or fully define evaluation and treatment by a qualified physician.
Use this tool to compare the groups on some key topics and their demographics. Pew Research Center now uses as the last birth year for Millennials in our work. President Michael Dimock explains why. About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world.
It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts. Newsletters Donate My Account. Research Topics.
Share this link:. Gretchen Livingston is a former senior researcher focusing on fertility and family demographics at Pew Research Center.
0コメント